THE INCIDENCE OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED SSS STUDENTS IN ESAN CENTRAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
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THE
INCIDENCE OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (A CASE STUDY OF SOME
SELECTED SSS STUDENTS IN ESAN CENTRAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In recent
times, the incidence of drug abuse is on the increase and experts in the area
of drugs and health have indicated that if the trend of drug abuse is not
controlled, the problems might aggregate into serious health problem. One sad
aspect of this is that teenagers and children of school age are worst involved
with this problem.
To say the
least, the phenomenon of drug abuse is what individuals; government and society
are generally interested in.
A drug is
any substance that modifies body functions when taken into the organism.
A drug is a
substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in mixture substance that
changes the state of function of cells, organs or organism. Drugs are mood
modifies which change the mood of individual per time. Drug abuse can be
defined variously depending on the standpoint of the individual.
It could be
seen as constant and indiscriminate use of both prescribed and legal and
illegal drugs or the use of drugs without diagnosis and prescription, to an
extent that it hinders ones health. Our health-oriented definition of drugs
abuse is the self administration of a quantity or a pattern that impairs an
individuals health or social or economic functioning.
Drug use and
abuse or misuse is phenomenon, which has bothered, is bothering and will
continue to bother mankind even in generation to come. Governments, religious
organization, social groups, world bodies and concerned individuals in the
world over are alarmed and indiscriminate and went on use and abuse of drugs
and the implication to the individual health status. Drugs abuse world wind is
said to have become a major social problems, which affect individuals at every
socio-economic level as well as individuals in age group from the adolescent to
the elderly.
For
instance, Caliendo (1996) reports; an estimated 9.3-10.3 million U.S adults or
7% of the U.S. adult population are alcoholics or problems drinkers among teens
and youth age 14-17 years old, this represents 19% of American youths.
The rate of
alcoholic consumption is alarming.
Caliendo
(1976) look at that; it has been estimated based on data obtained from USDH.
Food balance sheet, that the average annual consumption of obsolete alcohol
from beer, wine and spirit among the drinking age America public 2.6 gallons
per individual. The caloric value of this quantity of alcohol is approximately
210 calories daily per son. The rate of alcohol consumption varies among
individuals.
Many people
do not consume any alcohol whereas many consume alcohol far in excess of the
average. It is estimated, however that on the average, adult females in the
United States derives to 10% of their RDA calories from alcohol whereas males
obtain 7.5%.
This trend
is similar globally.
ORIGIN OF
DRUG USE AND ABUSE
The African
society is a drug using one. We take in drugs daily as we eat food in form of
herds, stems, roots, crops and cereal beverages. Ideally, we use drugs either
in these aforementioned forms, or in refined forms for both preventive and
curative purpose.
For certain
ailments and diseases. In traditional African society which dates back even
before recorded history, drugs are used daily for difference cultural and
religious purpose of birth, death, marriage, and divorce rites.
Others are
initiations into difference groups, appeasement of the gods. In concluding
agreements for buying and selling of lands and landed property, apprenticeship
agreements for teaching and learning of crafts and so on. Therefore, the use of
drugs, in different forms and for different purpose permeates every facet of
our traditional society and culture. Most of these drugs in their unrefined
forms grow widely in our environment and hence there easy availability to the
users. One can therefore say without fear of contradiction that the history of
drugs abuse and misuse is as old as society itself or man.
The arrival
of the ‘white men’ on the shores of African continent added yet more damaging
drugs to the ones we already had and to that extent made the environment for
drugs use and abuse friendly by easy availability and preference.
EFFECTS OF
DRUGS USE AND ABUSE
According to
Agwubike (1998) drugs are known to be chemical agents that affect living cells
they are used in modern medicine, in the treatment of illness and disease.
Drug abuse
has severe health implication. The incidence and severity of problems
associated with the non-medical use of the drugs is incalculable. Alcoholism
for instance is one of the most common types of under-nutrition in the adult.
Excessive alcohol consumption is the primary factors related to the development
of cirrhosis of the lever which according to Caliendo (1966), the ninth leading
killer disease of the United States population.
Villabi et
al (1991) report; Spain ranks second to France in international comparison of
alcohol consumption, 52% of adults drinks daily, and mortality due to liver
cirrhosis ranks as the sixth causes of death both in terms of death rates and
potential years of life lost.
In addition
to the liver problem and the nutritional, Caliendo (1976) has this to say,
“Alcohol related deaths may reach as many as 205, 000 annually in the U.S. It
has also been known to cause several health problem like congestion heart
failure, high blood pressure, lose of appetite, inflammation of the
stomach/pancreas, intestines which leads to nutrient matabsorption.
Another
severe consequence of alcoholism worthy of mention is the effect it has on the
offspring of a pregnant drinker. It is said in Britain alone that more than 44%
of children born to alcoholic mothers had 10 below 80, as well as significantly
higher rates of hearty and joint abnormalities.
Economically,
it cost the government billions of petro-dollar if quantified in terms of
man-hour lost as a result of drug associated problems. This affects our out-put
by reducing productivity.
According to
Caliendo (1976), … alcohol abuse in the United State cost almost $43 billion in
1975.
According to
Agwubike (1998), a drug has damaging consequences to the body organ and systems
e.g. some drugs damage the liver, kidney or adversely affect the central
nervous system. In certain instances death may result. It also state ion his
book that users of drugs spend a lot money in producing drugs to themselves.
DRUGS
COMMONLY ABUSED
According to
Agwubike 91998) drugs commonly abused by secondary school students are;
Amphetamines
Anabolic steroids
Marijuana
Cocaine
Heroine
Caffeine and others like alcoholic content
etc. which have excitatory or inhibitory effect which are thought to enhance
performance in sport by delaying the onset of fatigue or hasten recovery rate.
PREVENTION
CONTROL OF DRUG ABUSE
In view of
the adverse effect of drug abuse on the private and public health of the
society, there is need to prevent and control the abuse of drugs. In order to
achieve this, there should be both concerted and simultaneous efforts by
government, religious and other concerned organizations.
There has to
be drug education and re-education.
This
education should be directed at the drugs using population especially
adolescents in both secondary and tertiary institutions. The objectives should
be to made available to them useful information on short term effect of drug
use and abuse especially dependence producing drugs. This is necessary because
most of the drug users do so because of ignorance of the area of using the mass
media, school and other educational means for it to spread drug education.
There should also be drug adult education to educate parents who will in turn
continue to teach their wards at home the need to avoid drug abuse or the
correct use of drugs.
World Health
Organization (WHO) through its appropriate agencies should step up action both
in term of education and in releasing funds for rehabilitation and various
activities that will discourage drug use and misuse.
RESEARCH
QUESTION
What are the factors responsible for drug
abuse?
What category of secondary school students
abuse drug more?
iii. What are the types of drugs
abused?
What are the effect of drug abuse?
PURPOSE OF
STUDY
This
research was carried out with a view;
To identifying the types of drugs that are
commonly abuse by secondary school students
To point out conditions under which
secondary school students take drugs
To highlight the reasons why secondary
schools students indulge in the abuse of drugs
To educate secondary school students
activities towards drugs involvement
To suggest and recommend ways by which the
problems of drugs abuses can be controlled among secondary school students
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Indiscipline
among secondary school students in most cases has been blamed on
drug
involvement.
The climate
during competition game situation will undoubtedly be improved when secondary
students are intimated with the implications of drug involvement.
It will
enable the school authorities and sport organization to plan programme to suit
secondary school students from various background.
It will
reduce indiscipline among secondary school students and abuse of drugs.
Deviancy as
well as delinquencies amongst minimum in school and society at large.
It will
create a way to guide them to a meaningful life or drug free live.
This study
will serve as a base for more research work on drug abuse among secondary
school students.
DEFINITION
OF TERM
Drug: Any substance
that when taken into the living organism, may modify one or more of its
functions.
Drug
dependence: A state, psychic and some time also physical, resulting from the
interaction between a living organism and a drug characterized by behavioral
and other responses that always include a compulsion to take the drug on a
continuous or periodic basic in order to experience its psychic effects and
sometimes to avoid this discomfort of its absence.
DEPENDENCE
PRODUCING DRUGS
A drug
having the capacity to interact with a living organism to produce a state of
psychic or
physical dependence or both.
NON-MEDICAL
USE OF DRUGS
The uses of
dependence producing drugs other than when medically indicated.
Drug abuse:
Is the constant and indiscriminately use of both prescribed and non-prescribed
legal drugs or to the extent that it hinders.
Legal drugs:
These are drugs statutorily allowed for use by law of the land.
Illegal
drugs: Are drugs approved by a quantified physician for use by the patient.
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